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300s
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100s
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000s
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Caducia   |
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| Hyrcanians |
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| Media |
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| Carmania |
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| Persia |
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| Ariana |
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| Gedrosia |
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Indo - Scythian |
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400s |
300s |
200s |
100s |
000s |
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- Pasargadae, Iran, Ecbatana, Iran, Persepolis, Iran, Susa, Iran, Babylon, Iraq. Largest Empire in Classical Antiquity, Founded by Cyrus Great.
| 480 King Xerxes I of Persia sets out to conquer Greece. |
| 480 Persians suffer defeat by Greeks at Plataea |
479  Egypt overthrows Persian rule |
| 408 Persian king, Darius II, decides to aid Sparta in war & makes his son Cyrus a satrap. However, Cyrus starts collecting an army to benefit his own interests, rather than his father's. |
| 405 Cyrus Younger rebels in Persia, but is defeated by Artaxerxes II at Cunoxa |
| 400 After Cyrus has been killed, his Greek mercenaries make their way back to Greece, where Sparta is so impressed with their feats in & march through Persia that they declare war on Persians. |
400  revolt of Jews against Artaxerxes 3 in Persia |
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332  Persian capital of Persepolis  burned by Alexander Great |
330  Battle of Persian Gate |
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317  Battle of Paraitakene |
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- Asaak, Iran, Hecatompylos, Iran, Ecbatana, Iran, Ctesiphon, Iraq, Susa, Iran, Mithridatkird-Nisa, Turkmenistan. (Middle Persian Empire, Arsacid Dynasty) Syncretic Helleno-Zoroastrianism. Middle Iranian Languages. Third Persian Empire
Traditional Parthia
Traditional Persia
247 - 11 36  Tiridates 1 or Arsaces Arsaces 1 King, Karen, AutocratorA descendant of Arsaces ^ Phriapatius who was probably ^ Artaxerxes 2 |
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| 126 - 2 4 Vologases 1 Arsaces 8 He was first Arsacid king of Media, Arran & Iberia |
| 122 - 1 1 Artabanus 2 Arsaces 9 Killed in battle with Medians |
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36 - 3 3  Marc Anthony's invasion on Parthian Empire |
| 12 - 9 3 Mithridates 5 Arsaces 24 Probably a descendant of Mithridates 3 |
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Sakastan
100s - 00s 300s
| 100s Sakas Enter Iran from Scythia |
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Sakastan
100s - 00s 300s
57 - ?  Spalahores |
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| 332 mi Al-Khanoum by Alexander City |
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200 - 180 20  Demetrius 1
territory won by Demetrius was separated between western & eastern parts, ruled by several sub-kings & successor kings: |
155 - 30 25  Menander Legendary for size of his Kingdom, & his support of Buddhist faith. It is unclear whether he was related to other kings, & thus if dynasty survived further.
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Followed by Indo-Greek kings in northern India. |
- Territory of Bactria & Sogdiana
| 100s - 000s BC Hadda, Afghanistan-Hadda Genius City |
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000s mi Tillia Tepe Burial site
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000s  Tillya Tepe Bactria Map |
North & West Satraps
of Indo-Scythians
150 BC - 400 AD 550
| Northern Satraps (Mathura area) 0 |
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Indo-Greek
180 BC - 10 AD 190
Alexandria in Caucasus (Kapisi/Bagram)
Taxila (Sirkap)
Chiniotis (Chiniot)
Sagala (Sialkot)
Peukelaotis (Charsadda, Pushkalavati) |
Greek (Greek alphabet)
Pali (Kharoshthi script)
Sanskrit
Prakrit
(Brahmi script) |
Greek polytheism
Buddhism
Hinduism
Zoroastrianism |
Consisting of Satraps: Paropamisade
Arachosia
Gandhara
Western Punjab
130s - Eastern Punjab
130s - Mathura |
190 - 80 10  Pantaleon |
180 - 160 20  Apollodotus 1 |
175 - 70 5  Demetrius 2 |
160 - 55 5  Antimachus 2 |
170 - 45 25  Eucratides |
155 - 30 25  Menander 1
 = Agathoclea Theotropus |
125 - 110 15  Strato 1 Dikaios |
| 130s Adds Eastern Punjab & Mathura Satraps |
130 - 20 10  Zoilos 1 &
Agathokleia |
| 120 - 10 10 Lysias & Strato 1 |
&
110 - 100 10 Antialcidas &
 Heliokles 2 |
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Indo-Greek
180 BC - 10 AD 190
100  Polyxenos &  Demetrius 3 |
100 - 95 5  Philoxenus |
95 - 90 5  Diomedes &  Amyntas &  Epander |
&
90  Theophilos &  Peukolaos & mi Thraso |
90 - 85 5  Nicias,  Menander 2 &  Artemidoros |
&
90 - 70 20  Hermaeus &  Archebius |
&
75 - 70 5  Telephos &
 Apollodotus 2 |
| 70 nt Yuezhi occupation led by Maues (Indo-Scythian) |
65 - 55 20  Hippostratos &
 Dionysios |
55 - 35 20  Azes 1 (Indo-Scythian) & Zoilos 2 |
55 - 35 20  Apollophanes |
25 BC - 10 AD 35  Strato 2 &
Strato 3 |
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- Rori, Pakistan., built by Dhaj, Ror Kumar.
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- Rori, capital of Sindh, built by Dhaj, Ror Kumar.
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| 327 - 26 Alexander Great passes through Indus Valley installing Greek officials in area. |
| 400s BCE - 400s CE Taxila Monestary |
| 326 mi Battle of Hydaspus River |
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- Rori, capital of Sindh, built by Dhaj, Ror Kumar.
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200  Harappa |
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- Rori, capital of Sindh, built by Dhaj, Ror Kumar.
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174 - 61 13 Hsiung-nu attack Yüeh-chih (known in West as Tocharians), driving them from Gansu. |
141 - 28 13 Yüeh-chih, fleeing from Hsiung-nu, overrun Greco-Bactrian kingdom, which is renamed Tocharistan. |
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Apracarajas
15 BC - 50 AD 65
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90s BCE - 600s CE  Takht-i-Bahi |
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165 - 130 35  Menander
100 Polyxenus Epiphanes Soter
90 Peucolaus |
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Purus 
1700 - 1400 300 |
326 - 317 9  Porus |
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546 - 494 52  Bimbisara |
494 - 62 32  Ajatashatru |
446 - 38 8 mi Anuruddha &  Munda |
| 438 - 14 24 mi Nagadasaka |
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- Pataliputra Founded by Chandragupta Maurya. Ashoka Great transformed it into first Buddhist empire.
322 - 298 24 ?
322 - 185 137  Barabar Caves |
Mauryan Empire
321 - 185 136
| 400 mi Panini's Sutra earliest Sanskrit grammer, is written. |
| 400 mi Delhi founded in India. |
323  Alexander Great dies, providing opportunity for an independent state in India. Chandragupta Maurya founds Maurya dynasty, first Indian empire. Its capital is in Patna. By 184, this dynasty will conquer most of India. |
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250  Council of Buddhist monks in Patna to select scripture |
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200s - 100s  Kharligarh
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269 - 32  Jaugada |
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- Pataliputra, Vidisa Magadha dynasty that controlled North-central & Eastern India.
100s mi Maharashtra Castle @ Sudhagad
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100s BC - 650 AD 750s Ajanta Caves
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100s  Buddhist monks begin to hew caves for their own use out of stone plateaus in region of south-central India known as Deccan |
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 Lord Mahavir, 24th Tirthankar in great 'Jain Religion' |
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500  Sisupalgarh |
| 540 - 486 54 Mahavira, founder of Jainism. |
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- Rori, capital of Sindh, built by Dhaj, Ror Kumar
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- India Pataliputra Dravidian Empire.
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413 - 395 18 Shishunaga established kingdom of Magadha
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| - Cheralathan ^Uthiyan Cheralathan |
| - Palyanai Sel-Kelu Kuttuvan |
| - Kalankai-Kanni Narmudi Cheral |
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Chera
300 - 300 600
- Southern India Vanchi Muthur A Tamil Empire. |
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- Southern India Various, including Poompuhar, Urayur, Pazhaiyaarai, Thanjavur, Gangaikonda Cholapuram A Tamil Empire.
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- Puranic list of Satavahana kings (Source: "A Catalogue of Indian coins in British Museum. Andhras etc...", Rapson). This list, most complete one with - 30 kings, is based on Matsya Purana.
| 75 - 35 40 Vassals of Kanva dynasty |
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- Kotilingala,
Pratishthana
Amaravati |
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563 - 483  Buddha |
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| 450 Wari-Bateshwar Fort City |
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200s  Mahasthangarh City |
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100s |
000s |
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000s |
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251 - 46 5 mi Aryan Hindus occupy Celyon. |
237 - 15 22 Sena & Guttika
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/png 32px/Icon_finger,-hand,-gesture,-point,-left.png){kind=icon}
/png 32px/Icon_finger,-hand,-gesture,-point,-right.png){kind=icon}
-
Darius 1
Xerxes 1
Artaxerxes 1 
Artaxerxes 2
Artaxerxes 3
Darius 3
Arsaces 2 
Diodotus 1
Euthydemus 2
Antimachus 1
Pantaleon
Agathocles
Apollodotus 1
Antimachus 2
Eucratides 1
Heliocles
Siege of Aornos
Taxila & Kabul, Pakistan
Vonones
Zeionises
Azes 2 
Patika Kusulaka
Chandragupta trades 500 war elephants to Seleucus in exchange for Indus region & regions immediately to West. 
Ashoka Great
Chandragupta Maurya
Indian
Nahapana
Gautama Buddha
Sri Lanka
Theravada